Oracle Merge 语言使用

动机：

想在Oracle中用一条SQL语句直接进行Insert/Update的操作。

说明：

在进行SQL语句编写时，我们经常会遇到大量的同时进行Insert/Update的语句 ，也就是说当存在记录时，就更新(Update)，不存在数据时，就插入(Insert)。

Oracle9i引入了MERGE命令,你能够在一个SQL语句中对一个表同时执行inserts和updates操作. MERGE命令从一个或多个数据源中选择行来updating或inserting到一个或多个表.在Oracle10g中MERGE有如下一些改进：

1、UPDATE或INSERT子句是可选的

2、UPDATE和INSERT子句可以加WHERE子句

3、在ON条件中使用常量过滤谓词来insert所有的行到目标表中,不需要连接源表和目标表

4、UPDATE子句后面可以跟DELETE子句来去除一些不需要的行

语法:

MERGEHINTINTOSCHEMA . TABLE T_ALIAS

USINGSCHEMA . {TABLE |VIEW |SUBQUERY } T_ALIAS

ON (CONDITION)

WHENMATCHEDTHEN MERGE_UPDATE_CLAUSE

WHENNOTMATCHEDTHEN MERGE_INSERT_CLAUSE / MERGE_DELETE_CLAUSE;

联想:
mergeinto是特有的功能，相当于在 MSSQL中的

ifexists(...)

updatetable

else

Insertinto table.

mergeinto语法不仅没有if exists语法啰嗦，而且比if exists 还要高效很多，常用来在oracle之间同步数据库表。

例子：

1、 创建测试表及数据

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1. DROP TABLE PRODUCTS;
2. DROP TABLE NEWPRODUCTS;
3. create table PRODUCTS
4. (
5. PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,
6. PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),
7. CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60)
8. );
9. insert into PRODUCTS values (1501, 'VIVITAR 35MM', 'ELECTRNCS');
10. insert into PRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS IS50', 'ELECTRNCS');
11. insert into PRODUCTS values (1600, 'PLAY GYM', 'TOYS');
12. insert into PRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');
13. insert into PRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'DVD');
14. commit;
15. create table NEWPRODUCTS
16. (
17. PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,
18. PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),
19. CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60)
20. );
21. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS CAMERA', 'ELECTRNCS');
22. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');
23. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'TOYS');
24. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1700, 'WAIT INTERFACE', 'BOOKS');
25. commit;

DROP TABLE PRODUCTS;DROP TABLE NEWPRODUCTS;create table PRODUCTS(PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60));insert into PRODUCTS values (1501, 'VIVITAR 35MM', 'ELECTRNCS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS IS50', 'ELECTRNCS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1600, 'PLAY GYM', 'TOYS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'DVD');commit;create table NEWPRODUCTS(PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60));insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS CAMERA', 'ELECTRNCS');insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'TOYS');insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1700, 'WAIT INTERFACE', 'BOOKS');commit;

2、 匹配更新

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE
6. SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,
7. P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY;
9. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
10. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE     SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,         P.CATEGORY     = NP.CATEGORY;SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

3、 不匹配插入

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
5. INSERT
6. (PRODUCT_ID
7. ,PRODUCT_NAME
8. ,CATEGORY)
9. VALUES
10. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
11. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
12. ,NP.CATEGORY);
14. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
15. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT    (PRODUCT_ID    ,PRODUCT_NAME    ,CATEGORY)  VALUES    (NP.PRODUCT_ID    ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME    ,NP.CATEGORY);SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

4、 匹配带where/on更新

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME WHERE P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY;
7. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
8. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
9. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID AND P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY)
10. WHEN MATCHED THEN
11. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME;
13. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
14. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;
16. SELECT *
17. FROM PRODUCTS A
18. INNER JOIN NEWPRODUCTS B
19. ON A.PRODUCT_ID = B.PRODUCT_ID
20. AND A.CATEGORY = B.CATEGORY;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME WHERE P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY;MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID AND P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME;SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;SELECT *  FROM PRODUCTS A INNER JOIN NEWPRODUCTS B    ON A.PRODUCT_ID = B.PRODUCT_ID   AND A.CATEGORY = B.CATEGORY;

5、 匹配带where更新、插入

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE
6. SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,
7. P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY
8. WHERE P.CATEGORY = 'DVD'
9. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
10. INSERT
11. (PRODUCT_ID
12. ,PRODUCT_NAME
13. ,CATEGORY)
14. VALUES
15. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
16. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
17. ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY != 'BOOKS';
19. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
20. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE     SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,         P.CATEGORY     = NP.CATEGORY   WHERE P.CATEGORY = 'DVD'WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT    (PRODUCT_ID    ,PRODUCT_NAME    ,CATEGORY)  VALUES    (NP.PRODUCT_ID    ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME    ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY != 'BOOKS';SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

6、 ON常量表达式

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (1 = 0)
4. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
5. INSERT
6. (PRODUCT_ID
7. ,PRODUCT_NAME
8. ,CATEGORY)
9. VALUES
10. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
11. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
12. ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY = 'BOOKS';
14. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
15. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (1 = 0)WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT    (PRODUCT_ID    ,PRODUCT_NAME    ,CATEGORY)  VALUES    (NP.PRODUCT_ID    ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME    ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY = 'BOOKS';SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

7、 匹配删除、不匹配插入

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE
6. SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,
7. P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY DELETE
8. WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')
9. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
10. INSERT
11. (PRODUCT_ID
12. ,PRODUCT_NAME
13. ,CATEGORY)
14. VALUES
15. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
16. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
17. ,NP.CATEGORY);
19. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
20. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE     SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,         P.CATEGORY     = NP.CATEGORY DELETE   WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT    (PRODUCT_ID    ,PRODUCT_NAME    ,CATEGORY)  VALUES    (NP.PRODUCT_ID    ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME    ,NP.CATEGORY);SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

8、 源表为子查询(自联接)

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1501) B
3. ON (B.CO <> 0)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1501
6. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
7. INSERT
8. (PRODUCT_ID
9. ,PRODUCT_NAME
10. ,CATEGORY)
11. VALUES
12. (1501
13. ,'KEBO'
14. ,'NBA');
16. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
17. USING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1508) B
18. ON (B.CO <> 0)
19. WHEN MATCHED THEN
20. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1508
21. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
22. INSERT
23. (PRODUCT_ID
24. ,PRODUCT_NAME
25. ,CATEGORY)
26. VALUES
27. (1508
28. ,'KEBO'
29. ,'NBA');
31. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1501) BON (B.CO <> 0)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1501WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT    (PRODUCT_ID    ,PRODUCT_NAME    ,CATEGORY)  VALUES    (1501    ,'KEBO'    ,'NBA');MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1508) BON (B.CO <> 0)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1508WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT    (PRODUCT_ID    ,PRODUCT_NAME    ,CATEGORY)  VALUES    (1508    ,'KEBO'    ,'NBA');SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;

优点：

— 避免了分开更新

— 提高性能并易于使用

— 在数据仓库应用中十分有用

— 使用merge比传统的先判断再选择插入或更新快很多

需要注意的地方：

1、从语法条件上看（ON (join condition) ），merge into也是一个危险的语法。如果不慎重使用，会将源表全部覆盖到目标表，既危险又浪费效率，违背了增量同步的原则。所以在设计表结构时，一般每条记录都有“更新时间”的字段，用目标表“最大更新时间”判断源表数据是否有更新和新增的信息。

2、更新的字段，不允许有关联条件的字段（join condition）。比如条件是 A.ID=B.ID，那么使用“SET A.ID=B.ID”将报出一个莫名其妙的提示错误。

http://www.cnblogs.com/highriver/archive/2011/08/02/2125043.html